The three baptisms by Fr. Joseph Pfeiffer
Originally
featured in the March 1998 issue of The Angelus magazine.
In
the past three years, there has been increasing discussion within traditional
Catholic circles concerning the issue of the three baptisms. There have been a
number of works, even videos, that have come into circulation on the topic,
each of which seems to uphold essentially the same view, namely:
"unless one is baptized with the
baptism of water "in re," "in actuality," that one will
necessarily be damned (i.e., deprived of the beatific vision).
The
proponents of this doctrine are followers of the teaching of the famous
American Jesuit, Fr. Leonard Feeney, who cites the dogma Extra Ecclesiam Nulla
Salus ( Outside the Church there is no salvation) against anyone who would
claim the existence of three baptisms.
How
necessary is the sacrament of baptism? What are the so-called "three
baptisms"? Is this distinction of baptisms a novel distinction designed by
the liberals to destroy in the minds of men any thought that the Catholic
Church is absolutely necessary for salvation? Is this distinction truly contrary
to the dogma Extra Ecclesiam Nulla Salus?
Such
questions are often posed by the followers of Fr. Feeney, questions that they
claim point to only one "true" answer, summarized in the following
conclusion, taken from Fr. Feeney himself in his 1952 book, Bread of Life,
where he states on p.25:
It is now: Baptism of Water, or damnation!
If you do not desire that Water, you cannot be justified. And if you do not get
it, you cannot be saved.
The
necessity of baptism
Did
not Our Lord Himself say that "unless a man be born again of water and the
Holy Ghost he cannot enter into the kingdom of God" [Jn. 3:5]? How
necessary is it to be baptized, according to the saints and the Church’s
teaching? The Council of Trent teaches in the following de fide canons:
Can. 4. If anyone shall say that the
sacraments of the New Law are not necessary for salvation, but are superfluous,
and that although all are not necessary for every individual, without them or
without the desire for them through faith alone men obtain from God the grace
of justification; let him be anathema (On the Sacraments in General, Dz. 847,
emphasis added).
Can. 5. If anyone saith that baptism is
optional, that is, not necessary unto salvation; let him be anathema (On the
Sacrament of Baptism, Dz. 861.).
From
the above teaching of Trent, which is a canonization of the teaching of St.
Thomas on the necessity of baptism, it is de fide that baptism is necessary in
a double way, by a necessity of precept, and more importantly, by a necessity
of means. A thing is necessary for salvation by a necessity of precept, when it
obliges because of the command of a superior. If the command is not known, or
too difficult to fulfill, one is not obliged to fulfill it. In such a way,
Sunday Mass attendance is necessary for salvation. Infants are not obliged to
attend Mass, and even adults, if they are ill or a great distance from Mass,
are not obliged to attend.
A
thing is necessary also by a necessity of means when by its own nature or by
the Divine institution it is so necessary for salvation, that without it,
salvation cannot be obtained, even if it is involuntarily omitted. In this
manner sanctifying grace is necessary for eternal life.
Baptism
is necessary by a necessity of means for salvation by the Divine institution,
since it is the God-given means of entrance into the Mystical Body of Christ,
in which body alone is found sanctifying life, True Faith, Divine Hope and
Divine Charity. Baptism is the doorway to the indwelling of the Holy Ghost, which
is the beginning of heaven. Is baptism necessary? Yes. It is a necessary means,
a means to obtain the reality of sanctifying grace, that grace found only in
Christ:
He that loveth me shall be loved of my
Father, and I will love him and will manifest myself in him...we will come to
him and make our abode with him. (Jn. 14:21-23)
According
to Trent, baptism is so necessary that it must be had, in re aut in voto - in
reality or desire, before one can be in the state of Justification, or
Sanctifying Grace. The Fathers of the Council state the following in Chapter 4
of Session 6:
In these words a description of the
justification of a sinner is given as being a translation from that state in
which man is born a child of the first Adam to the state of grace and of the
"adoption of sons" [Rom.8:15] of God through the second Adam, Jesus
Christ our Savior; and this translation after the promulgation of the Gospel
cannot be effected except through the laver of regeneration or a desire for it
as it is written: "Unless a man be born again of water and the Holy
Spirit, he cannot enter into the kingdom of God." [Jn. 3:5] (Dz. 796, emphasis added)
Before
proceeding, please note that in this above passage, Trent interprets John (3:5)
to mean that one must be baptized with water, either in reality or in desire to
attain justification. All Catholics, therefore, are obliged to accept this
interpretation of Trent. St. Augustine in City of God, Book 13, Ch.7, gives a
similar interpretation to these words, as well as Hugh of St. Victor in his
Summa Sententiarum, Tract. V. Cap. V.
Baptism
of desire and blood
Since
the baptism of water is so necessary as an indispensable means, what are the
three baptisms? Some claim that they are a liberal phenomenon found
"dogmatized" in the Baltimore Catechism and endorsed only by liberal
theologians and modernists who use this distinction to take away the need for
water, and the Church. The baptism of water is the first baptism. What are the
other two?
Definitions
The
baptism of desire (flaminis) is described by the Church Doctor St. Robert
Bellarmine - in accordance with St. Thomas’s definition of the same - as
follows:
Perfect conversion and penitence is rightly
called baptism of desire, and in necessity at least, it supplies for the
baptism of water. It is to be noted that any conversion whatsoever cannot be
called baptism of desire; but only perfect conversion, which includes true
contrition and charity, and at the same time a desire or vowed intention of
baptism (De Sacramento Baptismi, Liber I cap. VI).
St.
Alphonsus Ligouri defines the baptism of blood (sanguinis) as:
The baptism of blood is the shedding of
blood, or death suffered for the faith or for some other Christian virtue...
this baptism... remits the fault and the punishment due sin (Theologia Moralis,
Tomus III, Tract II, author’s translation).
Fr.
Feeney states in Bread of Life that these two "so-called" baptisms
are really but two forms of the same modern diabolical hoax of desire:
Desire is a splendid diabolical word with
which to confuse people. Up until recent times, even the most ambitious of the
theologians of the Church never dared to use it in connection with baptism
except in a study of the nature of justification, which still left the problem
of salvation unsolved - salvation by "Baptism of Desire" (p. 39).
History
Despite
the above claim of Fr. Feeney (that theologians never dared to speak of desire
except as to its producing of justification), Catholic theologians, especially
since the time of Hugh of St. Victor (d. 1141 AD), have unanimously referred to
a threefold distinction of baptisms. In the 1000 years of Church history prior
to Hugh there are also to be found amongst the Fathers, including some of the
Popes, explicit references to these other two baptisms. The triple distinction
of baptisms is referred to in the following manner by Hugh of St. Victor
himself:
On the Triple Baptism. There is a triple
baptism, the river, the flame and the blood. The river in water, the flame in
penance, the blood in martyrdom [author’s translation].
Hugh
wrote these words in the early 12th century and they are contained in the 177th
volume of the famous Latin Patrology of J.P. Migne in the appendix of the
dogmatic works of Hugh. Hugh is brief in this appendix, but in his widely read
Summa Sententiarum, he devotes a chapter to proving the existence of these
three baptisms from the Fathers of the Church and against the heretic Peter
Abelard, who refused to believe in the baptismus flaminis referred to in
English as the baptism of desire.
Hugh
of St. Victor, around 1125, wrote to his friend, St. Bernard of Clairvaux, and
asked him to write against the teaching of those who deny the doctrine that
salvation may be obtained by desire for baptism. St. Bernard obliges in his
Letter 77 to Hugh of St. Victor. St. Bernard, by far the greatest Doctor of the
12th century, writes plainly and clearly, using the authority of Sacred
Scripture and the Fathers of the Church to back up his belief in what is called
the baptism of desire. He states at one point in his letter:
We adduce only the opinions and words of
the Fathers and not our own; for we are not wiser than our fathers... Believe
me, it will be difficult to separate me from these two pillars, by which I
refer to Augustine and Ambrose. I confess that with them I am either right or wrong
in believing that people can be saved by faith alone and the desire to receive
the sacrament, even if untimely death or some insuperable force keep them from
fulfilling their pious desire (Letter 77, 1, 8).
St.
Bernard continues, quoting the authority of Scripture to affirm his above
assertion that Ambrose and Augustine are right in stating that desire can, in
extraordinary cases, supply the want of baptism:
Notice also that when the Savior said
"Whoever believes and is baptized will be saved," He cautiously and
alertly did not repeat the phrase "who was not baptized," but only
"Whoever does not believe will be condemned" [Mk. 16:16]."
Doctrine
of theologians
In
the treatises on baptism in almost any theological manual of the past several
hundred years, one will find the treatment of the three baptisms under the
heading of the necessity of baptism. In no case does the Catholic theologian
speak of baptism of desire in such a way so as to have "still left the
problem of salvation unsolved - salvation by Baptism of Desire."
All
of these manuals (99.9% of which are written in Latin), like St. Bernard, quote
the authority of Ambrose and Augustine, both saints and Fathers of the Church.
They usually quote at least several other saintly authorities, as well as a few
popes of the past two millennia in defense of the doctrine that there truly is
a triple distinction of baptism, that this distinction is a Catholic
distinction, that it is the constant teaching of the Church. The saints and
Catholic theologians of the past millennium who write on the topic of the
triple baptism are in agreement with Sts. Bernard, Ambrose, Augustine,
including the Angelic Doctor himself, St. Thomas Aquinas, the Common Doctor of
the Church. St. Thomas (d. 1274) wrote in support of the Fathers’ and Doctors’
teaching that there are three modes of baptism, in the Tertia Pars (Q. 66, A.
11; Q. 68, A. 2) of the Summa Theologica. Concerning this great work of St.
Thomas, Pope Leo XIII in Aeterni Patris writes:
The Fathers of Trent made it part of the
order of the conclave to lay upon the altar, together with the code of Sacred
Scripture and the decrees of the Supreme Pontiffs, the Summa of Thomas Aquinas,
whence to seek counsel, reason and inspiration.
Such
is the teaching of the above saints. One would think, however, from reading
some of the recent works of the followers of Fr. Feeney that the doctrine of
the baptism of desire was held as an obscure opinion amongst some misguided
Catholic theologians and saints - saints who got it wrong in deference to St.
Thomas, who believed the doctrine only in deference to St. Augustine, who held
it because he once heard a sermon of St. Ambrose, "On the Death of
Valentinian" in which the saint states that the unbaptized 20-year-old
emperor, who was murdered in the Alps while on his way to be baptized by
Ambrose, had saved his soul because of his ardent desire for baptism and his
supernatural virtue. In that sermon written by St. Ambrose, he writes:
But I hear that you mourn, because he did
not receive the sacrament of baptism ... Does he not have the grace that he
desired; does he not have what he asked for? Certainly what he asked for, he
received. And hence it says ‘But the just man, if he be prevented with death,
shall be in rest’ [Wis. 4:7] (PL 16, 1374).
Mr.
Thomas A. Hutchinson of Charlemagne Press dismisses this teaching of St.
Ambrose, and the teaching of his disciple, Augustine (City of God, Bk. 13, 7;
On Baptism, Bk. 4, Ch. 22), and his disciple, St. Thomas (IIIa, Q. 66, A. 11), as
a "misunderstanding" in his book Desire and Deception (1994). He
states:
But he uttered in the course of this sermon
three fateful sentences, upon which a whole structure of thought has since been
built up... Very many people throughout the centuries, his own disciple, St.
Augustine included, have taken those three terse lines to mean that St. Ambrose
believed that Valentinian had been saved without actually passing through the
waters of baptism. But, in fact, this is an incorrect interpretation of his
writings (p. 26) ... But this brings us to Trent, and yet another
Ambrose-Augustine style misunderstanding (p. 54, emphasis added).
Are
we to assume that Mr. Hutchinson and like-minded followers of Fr. Feeney have a
better understanding of Ambrose than Augustine, his own disciple, who was
baptized by the same Ambrose? Are we to assume that the Fathers of Trent erred
in seeking their "counsel, reason and inspiration" from a St. Thomas
who wasn’t able to grasp Augustine’s "misunderstanding" of Ambrose’s
emotional homiletic moment? We must assume likewise that poor St. Bernard, and
Hugh of St. Victor, as well as a host of other saints and Doctors before and
after Aquinas, such as Sts. Bonaventure (Comment. in Libris IV Sent., Lb. IV),
Robert Bellarmine and Alphonsus Ligouri (Theologia Moralis, Liber VI), based
their belief in the salvific power of supernatural desire for baptism on that so-called
fateful day of Valentinian’s funeral?
The
teaching of the popes
What
do the popes teach of this baptism of desire? Do they uphold, as the followers
of Fr. Feeney, that baptism of desire and blood are contrary to the dogma Extra
Ecclesiam Nulla Salus? Innocent III, the first pope to define the dogma of
Salvation only in the Church, also taught that desire for baptism supplies for
the effects of baptism, in the case that water baptism cannot be received - due
to impossibility, not neglect or contempt (cf. Augustine, On Baptism, Bk. IV,
Ch. 22). Hence in his decree about a Jew who, in danger of death, attempted to
baptize himself, since those around his death bed refused to baptize him, he
decrees:
We respond that, since there should be a
distinction between the one baptizing and the one baptized, as is clearly
gathered from the words of the Lord, when He says to the Apostles: "Go,
baptize all nations in the name etc.," the Jew mentioned must be baptized
again by another, that it may be shown that he who is baptized is one person,
and he who baptizes another ... If, however, such a one had died immediately,
he would have rushed to his heavenly home without delay because of the faith of
the sacrament, although not because of the sacrament of faith (Dz. 413,
emphasis added).
Pope
Innocent II taught the same with regard to a priest, when after his death it
was found that he had not been baptized. He writes:
Read (brother) in the eighth book of
Augustine’s City of God where, among other things it is written, "Baptism
is ministered invisibly to one whom not contempt of religion but death
excludes." Read again the book also of the blessed Ambrose concerning the
death of Valentinian where he says the same thing. Therefore, to questions concerning
the dead, you should hold the opinions of the learned Fathers, and in your
church you should join in prayers and you should have sacrifices offered to God
for the priest mentioned (Innocent II, Letter Apostolicam Sedem, Dz. 388,
emphasis added).
Notice
that these popes, like St. Bernard, follow the teaching of Sts. Ambrose and
Augustine. Does this mean that we can hold their teaching as optional? Are we
to claim that Fr. Feeney, Mr. Hutchinson and the like have a better
understanding of the relationship between Extra Ecclesiam Nulla Salus, and the
doctrine of the necessity of baptism? That the theologians of the past
millennium and doctors of the same period, when they write of baptism of desire
and blood as included in Trent’s notion of the necessity of baptism were not
theologically bright enough to see the supposed "contradiction"
between the Gospel of St. John (3:5) and desire and blood, between Extra
Ecclesiam Nulla Salus and the same? As Catholics we submit to the unanimous
teaching of our authorities.
Is
baptism of desire contrary to Extra Ecclesiam Nulla Salus?
Bishop
George Hay, Bishop of Edinburgh, Scotland (d. 1811), in his excellent
Catechism, The Sincere Christian, devotes a good portion of Volume II of the
work to the question of salvation out of the Church. He says that it is
impossible to be saved outside the Church, because the Church is the rule or
measure of faith, without which faith it is impossible to attain heaven.
Natural good will is not enough to be saved. Anyone who dies with natural good
will alone cannot be saved. However, if God gives the grace to embrace the true
faith, and one accepts - that is baptism of desire - he is truly a member of
the Church, and can therefore be saved inside the Church. In Volume I he
explicitly affirms that baptism of desire saves souls who cannot receive
baptism of water. Let us conclude this article with the teaching of this great
bishop:
In like manner, suppose a person living in
a false religion dies without giving any sign of embracing the true faith, or
without being reconciled to the Church of Christ, we can never say of such an
one with certainty that he is lost; all that we can say must be under the same
condition as in the other case: if he has actually died as he lived, separated
from the true Church of Christ and without the true faith of Christ, he cannot
be saved. But if God, of His great mercy, has given him in his last moments
light and grace to see and embrace the true faith, and he has corresponded with
so great a favor as God requires, he will be saved....
Q. 28. But, in the case proposed, if a
person in his last moments shall receive the light of faith from God, and
embrace it with all his heart, would this suffice to make him a member of the
true Church in the sight of God?
A. Most undoubtedly; the case is the same
in this as in that of baptism. Though Jesus Christ expressly says, "Except
a man be born of water and the Holy Spirit, he cannot enter into the kingdom of
God" (Jn. 3:5), which establishes the absolute necessity of baptism for
salvation; yet, suppose a heathen should be instructed in the faith of Christ,
and embrace it with all his heart, but die suddenly without baptism ... in the
above dispositions with sincere repentance and a desire for baptism, this
person will undoubtedly receive all the fruits of baptism from God, and
therefore is said to be baptized in desire. In like manner, suppose a person
brought up in a false religion embraces the true faith, which God gives him in
his last moments - as it is absolutely impossible for him in that state to join
the external communion of the Church in the eyes of men, yet he certainly will
be considered united to her in the sight of God, by means of the true faith
which he embraces, and his desire of being united to the Church, were it in his
power. (Sincere Christian, Vol. 2,
pp.322-323.).
