Whowudathunkit? On Communion debate, Francis opts for decentralization
Whether "Pope" Francis intended it or not, by saying that the implementation of his document "Amoris Laetitia" depended on the guidelines of local bishops, he has decentralized resolution of the debate over Communion for divorced and civilly remarried Catholics.
CRUX
Towards the end of Amoris Laetitia, Pope Francis’s document on the family, the pontiff writes that when priests have to make judgments in concrete cases such as pastoral care of divorced and civilly remarried Catholics, they are to do so “according to the teaching of the Church and the guidelines of the bishop.”
One wonders if he knew at the time just what a conflicting welter of responses that injunction would elicit.
Since
the document appeared in early April, various bishops and groups of
bishops around the world have issued guidelines for its implementation,
and surveying the landscape, it’s abundantly clear they’re not all
saying the same thing.
Some
have stipulated that although divorced and civilly remarried Catholics
remain a part of the Church and should be welcomed into its life, the
traditional bar on giving them Communion remains fully in force.
Others, with varying degrees of caution, have suggested that Amoris does in fact create the possibility of receiving Communion after a process of discernment in some cases.
Reacting
to that spread of reaction, some may object that while bishops are free
to decide how to implement a papal decision, they’re not free to
interpret it away. Others will conclude that until and unless Francis
changes Church law, bishops have every right to apply the current norms
as they see fit.
Whatever
one makes of the merits of the dispute, one conclusion seems
ineluctable: Whether by design or not, what Pope Francis effectively has
done is to opt for decentralization on one of the most contentious
issues in Catholic life today.
Barring
some further clarification or decree from Rome, what we now have is
individual bishops, or regional groupings of bishops, determining
whether the answer is “yes” or “no” in the territory under their
jurisdiction.
In July, Archbishop Charles Chaput issued a set of guidelines for implementing Amoris in Philadelphia which held that divorced and civilly remarried Catholics, if they wish to receive Communion, are called to live as brother and sister and refrain from sexual intimacy.
Recently Bishop Thomas J. Olmsted of Phoenix penned an article for his diocesan newspaper saying that nothing about Amoris opens the door to Communion for the divorced and remarried.
Earlier this month, bishops from Alberta and the Northwest Territories in Canada put out guidelines that appeared to take a dim view of readmission to Communion,
warning that it can’t be just a simple matter of having a quick chat
with a priest, and that any serious rupture of one’s marriage vows “must
be healed prior to the reception of Holy Communion.”
Yet when the bishops of Pope Francis’s own Buenos Aires region earlier this month issued a draft set of guidelines saying that in some cases, “Amoris laetitia offers
the possibility of having access to the sacraments of Reconciliation
and Eucharist” for the divorced and remarried, Francis swiftly wrote
back to congratulate them and to say that “there are no further
interpretations.”
In
early July, Italian Cardinal Ennio Antonelli, former president of the
Pontifical Council for the Family, said that Francis “is opening an outlet even for admission to sacramental reconciliation and Eucharistic Communion“, and Cardinal Christoph Schönborn of Vienna, Austria, a key papal ally, has said repeatedly that Amoris does indeed create the possibility of divorced and remarried believers returning to the sacraments in some cases.
So what does this mean? Are the rules now different in say, Buenos Aires and Vienna from Phoenix, Philadelphia and Alberta?
Experts
can debate what the rules really are, or should be, until the cows come
home, but certainly it would appear that the practice is likely to vary
from place to place, depending on the disposition of the bishop or
bishops who are in charge.
Alongside a furor over the content of Amoris, therefore, we’re entering a new one over its impact, pivoting on whether opting de facto for local control on something like this is really a wise move.
Many
will argue that because the Communion debate touches on such critical
topics as Catholic theology of marriage and the Church’s understanding
of the Eucharist, allowing a diversity of responses on the ground risks
dissolving the unity of the faith.
When I
asked retired Cardinal Francis Arinze of Nigeria about the
decentralization option during the last Synod of Bishops on the family, for instance, he was distinctly critical.
“Are
you going to tell me that we can have a national bishops’ conference in
one country that would approve something which, in another conference,
would be seen as sin? Is sin going to change according to national
borders? We’d become national churches,” he said.
“It looks dangerously like nationalizing right and wrong,” Arinze said.
Others,
however, will likely say that because cultural realities are different
in various parts of the world, allowing pastors and bishops some
latitude to make judgments is wise, not to mention in keeping with the
emphasis on collegiality at the Second Vatican Council.
That
seemed to be the gist of Cardinal Walter Kasper’s now-infamous remark
to a reporter during the first Synod of Bishops in October 2014, when he
said the African bishops “should not tell us too much what we have to
do.” What he appeared to mean is that the situation in Germany is
different from much of Africa, and one-size-fits-all solutions don’t
always work in a global Church.
Since
his election three and a half years ago, Pope Francis has said more
than once that he sees the need for a “healthy decentralization” of the
Catholic Church.
Whether
it’s healthy or not may be in the eye of the beholder, but when it
comes to Communion for the divorced and remarried, there’s little doubt
that as things stand, decentralization is in fact just what he’s
delivered.
Decentralization= Sovieitism