The same outcome is applicable to the Vatican 2 Popes
Introduction
Pope Honorius I (625-38) was posthumously condemned as a
heretic and excommunicated from the Church by the ecumenical Council of III
Constantinople (680-1). He promoted the heresy of the Monothelites, who
taught that there is only one will in Christ; the orthodox doctrine is that
Christ has separate wills in his human and divine natures.
Honorius actively maintained the heresy in official papal
letters written to Sergius I, patriarch of Constantinople
in reply to a formal consultation and to several other individuals. He did
this at a crucial time, when Sergius was backing off before the objections of
St. Sophronius. Thus began a tragedy that would afflict the whole Church. The
Monothelites were able to argue that all the teachers of the orthodox faith
had confessed their doctrine, including Sergius of Constantinople and
Honorius of Rome.
III Constantinople condemned Honorius
in his official papal capacity as the bishop of Rome,
not as a private theologian. The council specifically stated that Honorius
had advanced heretical teachings, approved of them, and in a positive sense
was responsible for disseminating them (and was not merely negligent, as some
apologists still lie.) It condemned him by name as a heretic, anathematising
him as such and excommunicating him.
To give a brief summary from the Council’s acts, which are
quoted more fully later where it is clear that Honorius is being spoken of:
“We find that these documents [including those of Honorius]
are quite foreign to the apostolic dogmas, to the declarations of the holy
Councils, and to all the accepted Fathers, and that they follow the false
teachings of the heretics…there shall be expelled from the holy Church of God
and anathematized Honorius who was some time Pope of Old Rome, because of
what we found written by him to Sergius, that in all respects he followed his
view and confirmed his impious doctrines…To Honorius, the heretic, anathema!…
[The devil] has actively employed them [including Honorius]…we slew them
[including Honorius] with anathema, as lapsed from the faith and as sinners,
in the morning outside the camp of the tabernacle of God. &c.”
In order to approve the decrees of the Council, Pope St. Leo
II (681-3) wrote to the Emperor that he anathematised Honorius because he
“endeavoured by profane treason to overthrow the immaculate faith of the
Roman Church”, not because of mere negligence (as some also lie).
“Nec non et Honorium [anathematizamus], qui hanc apostolicam
ecclesiam non apostolicæ traditionis doctrina lustravit, sed profana
proditione immaculatam fidem subvertere conatus est.” (Mansi, Tom. XI. p.
731)
The Council of Trullo (692) repeated the condemnation.
Two succeeding ecumenical councils ratified the sentence,
Council II Nicea (787) and IV Constantinople (869-70). Popes approved both.
From the eighth to the eleventh century all new popes had to
swear in their Papal Oath before assuming the office that they accepted that III
Constantinople had authoritatively anathematised Honorius. This is found in
the Liber Pontificalis and in the Liber Diurnus.
The lessons in the Roman Breviary for the office of
St. Leo II listed until the sixteenth century Honorius among those
excommunicated by III Constantinople.
First we shall give the testimony of historians regarding the
condemnation of Honorius and then we shall give extracts
from the acts of the councils in which the condemnation was given, linking
also to the full texts.
Testimony of historians
First we cite the Roman Catholic historian and bishop of
Rottenburg, Karl Joseph von Hefele (1809-1893). His work on the ecumenical
councils is very highly regarded by Catholic theologians.
“The standard
work of Hefele’s, however, is the ‘Conciliengeschichte’ in seven volumes,
reaching to the fifteenth century and embracing the history of dogma, canon
law, liturgy, ecclesiastical discipline, and political history, so far as
necessary. Von Funk rightly says that ‘as one of the most detailed and
thorough works on church history, it has attained a prominent place in the
learned literature of our time.’” (Johannes Baptist Sägmüller, Karl Joseph
von Hefele, Catholic Encyclopedia 1910)
He wrote of the
condemnations of Honorius as follows.
“It is in the
highest degree startling, even scarcely credible, that an Ecumenical Council should
punish with anathema a Pope as a heretic!…That, however, the sixth Ecumenical
Synod actually condemned Honorius on account of heresy, is clear beyond all
doubt, when we consider the following collection of the sentences of the
Synod against him:
“At the entrance
of the thirteenth session, on March 28, 681, the Synod says: ‘After reading
the doctrinal letter of Sergius of Constantinople to Cyrus of Phasis
(afterwards of Alexandria) and to Pope Honorius, and also the letter of the
latter to Sergius, we found that these documents were quite foreign...to the
apostolic doctrines, and to the declarations of the holy Councils and all the
Fathers of note, and follow the false doctrines of heretics. Therefore we
reject them completely, and abhor...them as hurtful to the soul. But also the
names of these men must be thrust out of the Church, namely, that of Sergius,
the first who wrote on this impious doctrine. Further, that of Cyrus of
Alexandria, of Pyrrhus, Paul, and Peter of Constantinople, and of Theodore of
Pharan, all of whom also Pope Agatho rejected in his letter to the Emperor.
We punish them all with anathema. But along with them, it is our universal
decision that there shall also be shut out from the Church and anathematized
the former Pope Honorius of Old Rome, because we found in his letter to
Sergius, that in everything he followed his view and confirmed his impious
doctrine.’
“Towards the end
of the same session the second letter of Pope Honorius to Sergius was
presented for examination, and it was ordered that all the documents brought
by George, the keeper of the archives in Constantinople,
and among them the two letters of Honorius, should immediately be burnt, as
hurtful to the soul.
Again, the sixth
Ecumenical Council referred to Honorius in the sixteenth session, on August
9, 681, at the acclamations and exclamations with which the
transactions of this day were closed. The bishops exclaimed: ‘Anathema to the
heretic Sergius, to the heretic Cyrus, to the heretic Honorius, to the
heretic Pyrrhus!’
Still more
important is that which took place at the eighteenth and last session, on September
16, 681. In the decree of the faith which was now published, and
forms the principal document of the Synod, we read: ‘The creeds (of the
earlier Ecumenical Synods) would have sufficed for knowledge and confirmation
of the orthodox faith. Because, however, the originator of all evil still
always finds a helping serpent, by which he may diffuse his poison, and
therewith finds fit tools for his will, we mean Theodore of Pharan, Sergius,
Pyrrhus, Paul, Peter, former bishops of Constantinople, also Honorius, Pope
of Old Rome, Cyrus of Alexandria, etc., so he failed not, by them, to cause
trouble in the Church by the scattering of the heretical doctrine of one will
and one energy of the two natures of the one Christ.’
“After the papal
legates, all the bishops, and the Emperor had received and subscribed this
decree of the faith, the Synod published the usual (logos prosphoneticos),
which, addressed to the Emperor, says, among other things: ‘Therefore we
punish with exclusion and anathema, Theodore of Pharan, Sergius, Paul,
Pyrrhus, and Peter; also Cyrus, and with them Honorius, formerly bishop of
Rome, as he followed them.’
“In the same
session the Synod also put forth a letter to Pope Agatho, and says therein:
‘We have destroyed the effort of the heretics, and slain them with anathema,
in accordance with the sentence spoken before in your holy letter, namely,
Theodore of Pharan, Sergius, Honorius.’
“In closest
connection with the Acts of the sixth Ecumenical Council stands the imperial
decree confirming their resolutions. The Emperor writes: ‘With this sickness
(as it came out from Apollinaris, Eutyches, Themistius, etc.) did those
unholy priests afterwards again infect the Church, who before our times
falsely governed several churches. These are Theodore of Pharan, Sergius the
former bishop of this chief city; also Honorius, the Pope of old Rome...the
strengthener (confirmer) of the heresy who contradicted himself...We
anathematise all heresy from Simon (Magus) to this present...besides, we
anathematise and reject the originators and patrons of the false and new
doctrines, namely, Theodore of Pharan, Sergius...also Honorius, who was Pope
of Old Rome, who in everything agreed with them, went with them, and
strengthened the heresy.’
“It is clear
that Pope Leo II also anathematized Honorius...in a letter to the Emperor,
confirming the decrees of the sixth Ecumenical Council...in his letter to the
Spanish bishops...and in his letter to the Spanish King Ervig. Of the fact
that Pope Honorius had been anathematized by the sixth Ecumenical Synod,
mention is made by...the Trullan Synod, which was held only twelve years
after...Like testimony is also given repeatedly by the seventh Ecumenical
Synod; especially does it declare, in its principal document, the decree of
the faith: ‘We declare at once two wills and energies according to the
natures in Christ, just as the sixth Synod in Constantinople taught,
condemning...Sergius, Honorius, Cyrus, etc.’ The like is asserted by the
Synod or its members in several other places...To the same effect the eighth
Ecumenical Synod expresses itself. In the Liber Diurnus the Formulary of the
Roman Chancery (from the fifth to the eleventh century), there is found the
old formula for the papal oath...according to which every new Pope, on
entering upon his office, had to swear that ‘he recognised the sixth
Ecumenical Council, which smote with eternal anathema the originators of the
heresy (Monotheletism), Sergius, Pyrrhus, etc., together with Honorius.’” (A
History of the Councils of the Church (Edinburgh: Clark, 1896), Volume V, pp.
181-187).
Next we shall cite the testimony given in The Seven
Ecumenical Councils by Henry R. Percival, which is likewise very
informative on the matter. He wrote, “most Roman controversialists of recent
years have admitted both the fact of Pope Honorius’s condemnation, and the
Monothelite (and therefore heretical) character of his epistles.”
“I shall
therefore say nothing further on this point but shall simply supply the
leading proofs that Honorius was as a matter of fact condemned by the Sixth
Ecumenical Council.
1. His
condemnation is found in the Acts in the xiiith Session, near the beginning.
2. His two
letters were ordered to be burned at the same session.
3. In the xvith
Session the bishops exclaimed ‘Anathema to the heretic Sergius, to the
heretic Cyrus, to the heretic Honorius, etc.’
4. In the decree
of faith published at the xviijth Session it is stated that ‘the originator
of all evil ... found a fit tool for his will in ... Honorius, Pope of Old
Rome, etc.’
5. The report of
the Council to the Emperor says that ‘Honorius, formerly bishop of Rome’
they had ‘punished with exclusion and anathema’ because he followed the
monothelites.
6. In its letter
to Pope Agatho the Council says it ‘has slain with anathema Honorius.’
7. The imperial
decree speaks of the ‘unholy priests who infected the Church and falsely
governed’ and mentions among them ‘Honorius, the Pope of Old Rome, the
confirmer of heresy who contradicted himself.’ The Emperor goes on to
anathematize ‘Honorius who was Pope of Old Rome, who in everything agreed
with them, went with them, and strengthened the heresy.’
8. Pope Leo II.
confirmed the decrees of the Council and expressly says that he too
anathematized Honorius.
‘Also Honorins.
qui hanc apostolicam sedem non apostolilcae traditionis doctrina lustravit,
sed profana proditione immaculatam fidem subvertere conatus est, et omnes,
qui in suo errore defuncti sunt.’
9. That Honorius
was anathematized by the Sixth Council is mentioned in the Trullan Canons
(No. j.).
10. So too the
Seventh Council declares its adhesion to the anathema in its decree of faith,
and in several places in the acts the same is said.
11. Honorius’s name was
found in the Roman copy of the Acts. This is evident from Anastasius’s life
of Leo II. (Vita Leonis II.)
12. The Papal Oath
as found in the Liber Diurnus taken by each new Pope from the [eighth] to the
eleventh century, in the form probably prescribed by Gregory II., ‘smites
with eternal anathema the originators of the new heresy, Sergius, etc.,
together with Honorius, because he assisted the base assertion of the
heretics.’
13. In the
lesson for the feast of St. Leo II. in the Roman Breviary the name of Pope
Honorius occurs among those excommunicated by the Sixth Synod. Upon this we
may well hear Bossuet: ‘They suppress as far as they can, the Liber Diurnus:
they have erased this from the Roman Breviary. Have they therefore hidden it?
Truth breaks out from all sides, and these things become so much the more
evident, as they are the more studiously put out of sight.’
“With such an
array of proof no conservative historian, it would seem, can question the
fact that Honorius, the Pope of Rome, was condemned and anathematized as a
heretic by the Sixth Ecumenical Council.” (The Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers
(Edinburgh: Clark, 1899))
Unsurprisingly, some Catholic theologians deceived on this
matter and some apologists still do, refusing to admit that the pope was
condemned and excommunicated as a heretic by the council.
“[They] have been driven to desperate efforts. Some pronounce
the acts of the Council, which exist in Greek and Latin, downright forgeries
(Baronius); others, admitting the acts, declare the letters of Honorius
forgeries, so that he was unjustly condemned by the Council (Bellarmin)—both
without a shadow of proof; still others, being forced at last to acknowledge
the genuineness of the letters and acts, distort the former into an orthodox
sense by a non-natural exegesis, and thus unwillingly fasten upon
œcumenical Councils and Popes the charge of either dogmatic ignorance and
stupidity, or malignant representation. So Perrone, in his Dogmatics, and
Pennachi, in his Liber de Honorii I. Rom. Pont. causa , 1870, which is
effectually disposed of by Hefele in an Appendix to the German edition of his
tract.” (Philip Schaff, Creeds of Christendom)
Pope Honorius was condemned as a heretic by three ecumenical councils. All newly
elected popes had to profess his condemnation before they could assume their office
until the eleventh century and all Latin priests recited it in their breviary
until the sixteenth. It is incredible that ecumenical councils under the care
of papal legates and approved by popes would anathematize and excommunicate a
pope without the utmost care and that Rome would have all her popes and
priests confess it for a thousand years were it not justified. There is no
room for doubt here. His heretical letters were burnt by order of the council
and only a scrap survived; it is ridiculous that some should try to construct
a case to acquit Honorious on the basis of the scrap and in the face of so
much historical testimony.
Extracts from the councils
Ecumenical Council of III Constantinople
Session XIII: “After
we had reconsidered, according to the promise which we had made to your
highness, the doctrinal letters of Sergius, at one time patriarch of this
royal God protected city to Cyrus, who was then bishop of Phasius and to Honorius
some time Pope of Old Rome, as well as the letter of the latter to the same
Sergius, we find that these documents are quite foreign to the apostolic
dogmas, to the declarations of the holy Councils, and to all the accepted
Fathers, and that they follow the false teachings of the heretics;
therefore we entirely reject them, and execrate them as hurtful to the soul.
But the names of those men whose doctrines we execrate must also be thrust
forth from the holy Church of God, namely, that of Sergius some time bishop
of this God-preserved royal city who was the first to write on this impious
doctrine; also that of Cyrus of Alexandria, of Pyrrhus, Paul, and Peter, who
died bishops of this God preserved city, and were like minded with them; and
that of Theodore sometime bishop of Pharan, all of whom the most holy and
thrice blessed Agatho, Pope of Old Rome, in his suggestion to our most pious
and God preserved lord and mighty Emperor, rejected, because they were minded
contrary to our orthodox faith, all of whom we define are to be subject to
anathema. And with these we define that there shall be expelled from the
holy Church of God and anathematized Honorius who was some time Pope of Old
Rome, because of what we found written by him to Sergius, that in all
respects he followed his view and confirmed his impious doctrines.” (online
text)
Session XVI:
“Many years to the Emperor! Many
years to Constantine, our great Emperor!
Many years to the Orthodox King!
Many years to our Emperor that maketh peace! Many years to Constantine, a second Martian! Many years to Constantine, a new Theodosius! Many years to Constantine,
a new Justinian! Many years to the
keeper of the orthodox faith! O Lord
preserve the foundation of the Churches!
O Lord preserve the keeper of the faith! Many years to Agatho, Pope of
Rome! Many years to George, Patriarch
of Constantinople! Many years to
Theophanus, Patriarch of Antioch!
Many years to the orthodox council!
Many years to the orthodox Senate! To Theodore of Pharan, the heretic,
anathema! To Sergius, the heretic,
anathema! To Cyrus, the heretic,
anathema! To Honorius, the
heretic, anathema! To Pyrrhus,
the heretic, anathema! To Paul the heretic, anathema! To Peter the heretic,
anathema! To Macarius the heretic, anathema! To Stephen the heretic,
anathema! To Polychronius the heretic, anathema! To Apergius of Perga the
heretic, anathema! To all heretics, anathema! To all who side with heretics, anathema! May the faith of the
Christians increase, and long years to the orthodox and Ecumenical Council!”
(online text)
Session XVIII:
“The holy and Ecumenical Synod further says, this pious and orthodox Creed of
the Divine grace would be sufficient for the full knowledge and confirmation
of the orthodox faith. But as the
author of evil, who, in the beginning, availed himself of the aid of the
serpent, and by it brought the poison of death upon the human race, has not
desisted, but in like manner now, having found suitable instruments for
working out his will (we mean Theodorus, who was Bishop of Pharan,
Sergius, Pyrrhus, Paul and Peter, who were Archbishops of this royal city,
and moreover, Honorius who was Pope of the elder Rome, Cyrus Bishop of
Alexandria, Macarius who was lately bishop of Antioch, and Stephen his
disciple), has actively employed them in raising up for the whole
Church the stumbling-blocks of one will and one operation in the two natures
of Christ our true God, one of the Holy Trinity; thus disseminating, in novel
terms, amongst the orthodox people, an heresy similar to the mad and wicked
doctrine of the impious Apollinaris, Severus, and Themistius, and
endeavouring craftily to destroy the perfection of the incarnation of the
same our Lord Jesus Christ, our God, by blasphemously representing his flesh
endowed with a rational soul as devoid of will or operation.” (online
text)
The
Prosphoneticus to the Emperor: “Therefore we declare that in him there are
two natural wills and two natural operations, proceeding commonly and without
division: but we cast out of the
Church and rightly subject to anathema all superfluous novelties as well as
their inventors: to wit, Theodore
of Pharan, Sergius and Paul, Pyrrhus, and Peter (who were archbishops of
Constantinople), moreover Cyrus, who bore the priesthood of Alexandria, and
with them Honorius, who was the ruler of Rome, as he followed them in these
things.” (online text)
Letter of the
Council to Pope St. Agatho: “And by his help we have overthrown the error of
impiety, having as it were laid siege to the nefarious doctrine of the
heretics. And then tearing to pieces
the foundations of their execrable heresy, and attacking them with spiritual
and paternal arms, and confounding their tongues that they might not speak
consistently with each other, we overturned the tower built up by these
followers of this most impious heresy; and we slew them with anathema, as
lapsed from the faith and as sinners, in the morning outside the camp of the
tabernacle of God, that we may express ourselves after the manner of
David, in accordance with the sentence already given concerning them in your
letter, and their names are these: Theodore, bishop of Pharan, Sergius, Honorius,
Cyrus, Paul, Pyrrhus and Peter.” (online
text)
The Imperial
Edict Publicly Posted: “As he [emperor Constantine] recognized the five
earlier Ecumenical Synods, so he anathematized all heretics from Simon
Magus, but especially the originator and patrons of the new heresy, Theodore
and Sergius; also Pope Honorius, who was their adherent and patron in
everything, and confirmed the heresy; further, Cyrus, etc., and ordained
that no one henceforth should hold a different faith, or venture to teach one
will and one energy. In no other than
the orthodox faith could men be saved.
Whoever did not obey the imperial edict should, if he were a bishop or
cleric be deposed; if an official, punished with confiscation of property and
loss of the girdle; if a private person, banished from the residence and all
other cities.” (online
text)
Council of Trullo
“Also we agree
to guard untouched the faith of the Sixth Holy Synod, which first assembled
in this imperial city in the time of Constantine, our Emperor, of blessed
memory, which faith received still greater confirmation from the fact that
the pious Emperor ratified with his own signet that which was written for the
security of future generations. This council taught that we should openly
profess our faith that in the incarnation of Jesus Christ, our true God,
there are two natural wills or volitions and two natural operations; and condemned
by a just sentence those who adulterated the true doctrine and taught the
people that in the one Lord Jesus Christ there is but one will and one
operation; to wit, Theodore of Pharan, Cyrus of Alexandria, Honorius
of Rome, Sergius, Pyrrhus, Paul and Peter, who were bishops of this
God-preserved city; Macarius, who was bishop of Antioch; Stephen, who was his
disciple, and the insane Polychronius, depriving them henceforth from the
communion of the body of Christ our God.” (online text)
Ecumenical
Council of IV Constantinople
Exposition of
Faith: “Further, we accept the sixth, holy and universal synod
[Constantinople III], which shares the
same beliefs and is in harmony with the previously mentioned synods in that
it wisely laid down that in the two natures of the one Christ there are, as a
consequence, two principles of action and the same number of wills. So, we
anathematize Theodore who was bishop of Pharan, Sergius, Pyrrhus, Paul and
Peter, the unholy prelates of the church of Constantinople, and with these, Honorius
of Rome, Cyrus of Alexandria as well as Macarius of Antioch and his
disciple Stephen, who followed the false teachings of the unholy
heresiarchs Apollinarius, Eutyches and Severus and proclaimed that the
flesh of God, while being animated by a rational and intellectual soul, was
without a principle of action and without a will, they themselves being
impaired in their senses and truly without reason.”
Ecumenical
Council II Nicea
The Letter of
the Synod to the Emperor and Empress: “And now having carefully traced the
traditions of the Apostles and Fathers, we are bold to speak. Having but one mind by the inbreathing of
the most Holy Spirit, and being all knit together in one, and understanding
the harmonious tradition of the Catholic Church, we are in perfect harmony
with the symphonies set forth by the six, holy and ecumenical councils; and
accordingly we have anathematised the madness of Arius, the frenzy of
Macedonius, the senseless understanding of Appolinarius, the man-worship of
Nestorius, the irreverent mingling of the natures devised by Eutyches and
Dioscorus, and the many-headed hydra which is their companion. We have also anathematised the idle
tales of Origen, Didymus, and Evagrius; and the doctrine of one will held by
Sergius, Honorius, Cyrus, and Pyrrhus, or rather, we have anathematised their
own evil will. Finally, taught by
the Spirit, from whom we have drawn pure water, we have with one accord and
one soul, altogether wiped out with the sponge of the divine dogmas the newly
devised heresy, well-worthy to be classed with those just mentioned, which
springing up after them, uttered such empty nonsense about the sacred
icons. And the contrivers of this
vain, but revolutionary babbling we have cast forth far from the Church’s
precincts.” (online text)
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