MadMonarchist
The Spanish monarchy entered the 20th Century with a tumultuous history
and a royal succession in which monarchs had rarely had a chance to be
groomed for their position in the natural, traditional way. Since the
end of absolutism, no Spanish monarch had come to the throne as an
adult, raised for the position in Spain itself. There was Queen Isabella
II, who came to the throne as a child, then there was King Amadeo I who
was imported from Italy, never given a fair chance and who soon
returned home in disgust, then there was King Alfonso XII who had been
forced into exile when he was young and returned for a relatively short
reign before passing away at the age of only 27. He was immediately
succeeded by his son, King Alfonso XIII, who was literally born a king.
So it was that the last Spanish monarch before the horror of the Second
Republic was a man who was not allowed the usual sort of preparation for
his royal position but who, rather, had to go through what lesser
mortals would term “on the job training”. His reign would be one of the
most pivotal in Spanish history and yet, at almost every stage, others
would be far more involved in these events than he would.
His Catholic Majesty Alfonso Leon Fernando Maria Jaime Isidro Pascual
Antonio de Borbon y Habsburgo-Lorena, King of the Spanish, King of
Castile, of Leon, or Aragon, of the Two Sicilies, of Jerusalem etc, etc
was born in Madrid on May 17, 1886, the year following the death of his
father King Alfonso XII. During the interval, Spain had no monarch as
everyone awaited the birth of the last child of the royal couple; if it
were a boy, he would immediately be king and if a girl then the eldest
daughter, the Princess Mercedes, would become queen. As a male child, he
was King of Spain from the moment of his birth and his Hapsburg mother,
Queen Maria Christina,
ruled as regent on his behalf until he came of age in 1902. However,
his earliest years as the official, if nominal, King of Spain were
eventful ones for his country. At home, divisions remained between the
two feuding factions of royalists and the troublesome republican
minority but these were less serious than they had been after the
successes of his father’s reign. The economy was not in great shape but
seemed to be on the mend. However, there were problems overseas in the
last remnants of the once mighty Spanish empire. There was trouble in
The Philippines but few took much notice of it but the ongoing rebellion
in Cuba was gaining a great deal of attention, particularly from the
United States.
The boy king was blissfully un-involved when, in 1898, the Kingdom of
Spain fought and lost a 10-week war with the United States as a result
of which Spain lost her last colonies in the Caribbean and Southeast
Asia. Had he been older, and able to rule, it is doubtful it would have
made any difference. His mother was a strong woman with a good head on
her shoulders and there simply was not much Spain could possibly have
done in the face of the American media that whipped the public in the
U.S. into hysteria for a war against Spain. The loss, combined with a
deteriorating situation at home, probably motivated the Spanish
government to push for King Alfonso XIII to take up his duties as soon
as possible and he was declared of age and given his full constitutional
powers in 1902 at the age of sixteen. Many hopes were pinned on the
young man as the event was celebrated with parties, patriotic
demonstrations and bullfights in the traditional fashion. However, King
Alfonso XIII was under no illusions about the daunting task that stood
before him. There was fighting in north Africa, a worsening economy,
social and political divisions at home and widespread corruption amongst
public officials.
In an effort to gain good-will abroad, the young King of Spain traveled
to Great Britain, Germany and France (where he was attacked while riding
with the French President). To secure the succession there was also a
pressing need for King Alfonso to marry and start a family. While he was
in London, a guest of King Edward VII at Buckingham Palace, he met
Princess Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg,
King Edward’s Scottish-born niece. There seemed to be a spark between
the two and King Alfonso inquired about marrying her. There was
immediately some objections from both countries. The British had long
been taught to have a negative view of the Spanish and did not relish
the thought of a British, Protestant princess having to convert to
Catholicism. Likewise, in Spain, Queen Mother Maria Christina had hoped
that her son would marry a Hapsburg princess like his father or at least
a Catholic princess from a more prestigious family. It was also known
that Princess Victoria’s brother Leopold was afflicted with hemophilia
and thus she could be a carrier of the hereditary disease. However, King
Alfonso seemed adamant. Princess Victoria said she would be willing to
become Catholic and as far as the hemophilia threat was concerned, there
was just as much chance that she would not be a carrier as there was
that such would be the case.
On May 31, 1906 Alfonso and Victoria were married in Madrid at the Royal
Monastery of San Jeronimo, Victoria having converted to Catholicism two
months before. It was a grand affair but the enemies of the monarchy
were determined to ruin it. A Catalan anarchist tried to assassinate the
royal couple with a bomb. Thankfully, they survived but sadly several
bystanders were killed or wounded in the attack. It was an ugly scar on
what was otherwise a happy occasion. At the start of their married life,
King Alfonso and Queen Victoria Eugenia seemed the ideal, happy,
devoted couple. However, things began to change after the birth of their
first child, Prince Alfonso of the Asturias. He was born with
hemophilia, proving that Victoria had been a carrier after all. Two
subsequent daughters and a son were born without the disease but, sadly,
their last child and third son was afflicted as well. Despite knowing
the facts from the beginning, human nature is what it is and King
Alfonso tended to blame his wife for the disease that kept his sons in
constant danger and from that time on he became increasingly distant
from his wife. After 1914 he then had a succession of mistresses by whom
he had six illegitimate children.
With no attachment to either side in the conflict, King Alfonso XIII
kept Spain neutral during the First World War, not wishing to side
against his mother’s relatives in Austria-Hungary or his British
in-laws. This made Spain a hotbed for espionage but spared the country
from the pain and losses the combatants suffered. The King was stricken
by the influenza epidemic that swept the world at the end of the
conflict but he eventually recovered. In the aftermath, Spain fought
another colonial war in north Africa which ended in victory for the
Spanish forces but which was widely condemned by the revolutionary crowd
at home. Their strikes and uprisings were a constant irritant to the
Spanish government, a drain on resources and a hindrance to real reform.
There was also an increasing unity amongst the socialist enemies of the
monarchy while the rest of Spanish society remained divided between
supporters of the central government and those who wanted greater
regional autonomy as well as between supporters of the existing monarchy
and the fractured and feuding but still defiant Carlists. It was a
recipe for disaster and, just as in times past, some began to take the
view that authoritarianism was the only answer to the divisions and
problems plaguing Spain.
In 1923 the Captain-General of Catalonia, Miguel Primo de Rivera, seized
power in a military coup, at the head of an indignant Spanish army and
endorsed by King Alfonso XIII who named him to the post of prime
minister (after the general had taken power). General Primo de Rivera
became, effectively, dictator of Spain but told the public it was only a
temporary measure to clean up the mess created by the corrupt and
feuding political class. He set up a military junta, called the
Directory, and when government ministers complained to the King, Alfonso
dismissed them. The dictator established martial law and began cracking
down on the regional separatists. In cooperation with the French, he
restored order to north Africa and began extensive infrastructure
upgrades in Spain. Unemployment all but vanished but massive loans were
required for all of these government expenditures. Primo de Rivera
assured the public that these would be paid back by the increase in tax
revenues from the business his changes would stimulate. However, as he
tried to establish an entirely new political system for Spain, economic
prosperity remained unseen and opposition to the dictator began to
increase. King Alfonso was fully aware of who was running the country
and introduced the general to King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy as, “my
Mussolini”.
The country had a period of law and order and many improvements during
this time but while the divisions were suppressed, they were not
eliminated. King Alfonso XIII tried to carry on with business as usual.
With a dictator running the country, he had little governmental business
to attend to and plenty of time for leisure. He played golf, polo,
enjoyed driving and even learned to fly. However, as opposition to the
dictatorship increased and the period of economic wealth remained out of
reach, Primo de Rivera tried to extend his hold on power by appealing
to his brother army officers. At this the King took action as, if left
un-checked, it would have made the military the source of authority in
the country rather than the Crown and Alfonso XIII could not stand idly
by while that happened. In 1930 Primo de Rivera resigned and went into
exile in France where he died a short time later. King Alfonso XIII then
tried to carry on governing the country himself with the power
structure that had been erected. However, the enemies of the monarchy
quickly reappeared and the supporters of the former dictator among the
military then viewed the King as their enemy. The republican movement
had also been thoroughly infiltrated by radical socialists with ties to
likeminded groups around the world and had promises of support from the
Soviet Union. The left was increasingly united while the right was
increasingly divided.
In 1931 the republicans won a massive electoral victory and General Jose
Sanjurjo warned the King that the army was no longer loyal to him (the
son of a Carlist, Sanjurjo would later pledge loyalty to the republic,
join in an attempted Carlist plot that failed, disavow the Carlists and
proclaim his support for the republic only to then join in the national
coup against the republic at the start of the civil war). King Alfonso
XIII was finally persuaded by his closest friends to leave the country
for his own safety. When he departed, he defiantly pledged to triumph
over all those who opposed the monarchy but that he would not be the
cause of a fratricidal war. He refused to abdicate but went into exile
in Rome where he was given sanctuary by King Victor Emmanuel III of
Italy. In Spain, the radicals seized power and immediately proclaimed
the Second Spanish Republic
that became increasingly socialistic and then communistic until it was
effectively a client state of the Soviet Union in all but name.
King Alfonso XIII, a man known for his reckless bravery, a man who had a
collection of ‘souvenirs’ from the many assassination attempts made
against him, remained determined to one day reclaim his throne and was
adamant that he remained the legitimate King of the Spanish. In 1936 the
Spanish Civil War broke out when General Francisco Franco led a
nationalist coalition in rebellion against the republican government.
King Alfonso XIII did not remain neutral but clearly expressed his
support for the nationalists. However, General Franco was trying to
forge unity out of a very divided coalition of people opposed to the
republic and that coalition included the Carlists. Franco knew that the
Carlists would drop their support for him if they thought he intended to
restore King Alfonso XIII to the throne whereas, if he put off the
question of who would be king, he could continue to enjoy the support of
both factions in the hope that they would be chosen in the end. As
such, Franco announced that his victory would not mean a restoration of
King Alfonso XIII. Nonetheless, the King continued to support the
nationalists and sent his son and heir, Infante Juan Count of Barcelona
(the Prince of Asturias having renounced his rights due to his marriage
to a commoner) to join the nationalist forces. However, he was arrested
at the border and sent back into exile.
It is too bad that such divisions continued to plague the Spanish
royalist cause particularly as, in the same year that the civil war
began, the senior Carlist line died out and King Alfonso XIII thus
became the legitimate monarch according to the rationale of the original
Carlists though, as we know, most who remained opposed by that time
would remain opposed no matter what the circumstances. The Spanish Civil
War was a brutal affair and came to be seen as something of a
dress-rehearsal for World War II. The Soviets and socialist governments
from France to Mexico as well as leftist volunteers from various
countries supported the republic while Franco and the nationalists
received most of their support from Nazi Germany and especially Fascist
Italy. In the end, the nationalists were victorious and Franco became
dictator of Spain by 1939. He was a monarchist but his success depended
on keeping the support of more republican minded nationalists among the
Falange movement as well as the two opposing royalist factions so, while
everyone expected a restoration of the monarchy, Franco refused to
commit himself too much on the subject.
As a political tactic, it worked brilliantly as each side remained
hopeful that Franco would eventually side with them. In Rome, in 1941,
King Alfonso XIII abdicated his rights in favor of his son the Count of
Barcelona in the expectation that this would help pave the way for the
restoration of the monarchy by Franco. However, while Franco did legally
declare the monarchy restored in 1947, the throne remained vacant while
the Generalissimo would rule as regent for the rest of his life. King
Alfonso XIII, however, would not live to see any of that as he died in
Rome not long after his abdication a month later on February 28, 1941.
His remains were later returned to Spain in 1980 after his grandson,
Juan Carlos, became King of Spain after the death of General Franco.
Thrust onto the throne from his very birth, King Alfonso XIII had lived
through the greatest changes in the recent history of Spain; the loss of
the last of the empire, the First World War, the downfall of the
monarchy and the horrors of the Second Republic and Spanish Civil War.
Yet, he seemed to constantly be on the outside looking in on these
historic events. Given the chaotic state of affairs that existed,
perhaps his greatest triumph was simply his survival and the survival of
his family to one day manage the seemingly impossible and see a
monarchy restored where it had been torn down and his descendants
returned to the Spanish throne.
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