Finding Pretexts to Break Liturgical Tradition
Dr. Carol Byrne, Great Britain
Before the 1955 reforms, Tenebrae was widely celebrated in the
Church and was well attended by lay people in cathedrals, abbeys and
large churches where there was an ample supply of clergy. Nevertheless,
the reformers arranged for its demise by an astonishingly simple
strategy: changing its time of celebration. The Decree Maxima Redemptionis prohibited anticipating Matins and Lauds on the previous evenings of the Triduum, (1) switching the time to the morning hours. (2)
This effectively threw the proverbial spanner into the work of centuries, for Tenebrae performed in the morning not only destroys its coherence as a nocturnal Office, but also the “atmospherics” of darkness on which its powerful symbolism relies in order to create the right mood. Daylight Tenebrae is, of course, a misnomer and has never been approved by the Church before the Bugnini reform.
The self-contradictory nature of this reform is also evident in the same Decree, which, in criticism of the traditional Triduum, stated that “all these liturgical solemnities were pushed back to the morning hours; certainly with detriment to the liturgy’s meaning.” How could the reformers complain when that is exactly what they did to the Office of Tenebrae?
False rivalry between the Mass & the Divine Office
The ostensible reason for displacing Tenebrae was that the Holy Thursday Mass should be celebrated in the evening to correspond with the time of the Last Supper. Yet, for many centuries prior to 1955, this Mass had been said in the morning – the progressivists scoffed that it was the “Mass of the Lord’s Breakfast” – and the Decree accused the traditional Holy Week schedule of creating “confusion between the Gospel accounts and the liturgical representations referring to them.”
This was the first time in the History of the Church that an official document of the Holy See stood in judgement against its own approved tradition that had been hallowed by centuries of usage and condemned it as detrimental to a right understanding of the Holy Week liturgy. It was a barely concealed rallying cry for a liturgical revolution to usher in a “new understanding” of the Faith.
Is there a ‘proper’ time of the day?
It might be useful to reflect that the Church had set the Triduum apart from the rest of the liturgical year as a specially consecrated season with its own traditional time-frame for the ceremonies. This was the status quo with which the Catholic faithful were familiar for centuries up to 1955.
The Church set a time for each of the Office Hours
The progressivists argued that Triduum ceremonies can only be
considered truly “authentic” if their timing corresponds with that of
the biblical events they commemorate. Thus, the Holy Thursday Mass must be in the evening, the Good Friday liturgy must take place at 3 p.m., and the Easter Vigil must start after sundown – as if it were just a commemoration of historic events, like the “11th hour” of Armistice Day.
But, this rests on a false premise, that of the so-called veritas horarum – the intrinsically “proper” time of the liturgy – a concept that has only ever applied to the Divine Office and its different “hours” for sanctifying the day. Ironically, they failed to apply this principle to the Office of Tenebrae.
Liturgical chaos
It is commonly thought that the 1955 reform was successful in “restoring the liturgy to its authentic times.” But, in the highly partisan agenda of the Liturgical Movement, “authentic” meant returning to early Christian practices and rejecting the traditional liturgy of centuries.
Card. Spellman complained about the ‘revolutionary’ change to an established custom
The reformers managed to commandeer the public liturgy of the Church by
dictating a sweeping change in the traditional norms of the Triduum ceremonies – indeed to destroy the very notion of traditional norms at all. They accomplished this by investing their veritas horarum
with the character of an “absolute” that overrode every other
consideration – the force of custom, the rights of Tradition or the
wishes of the faithful. As all the services, in their
estimation, had to be rearranged, the result was a total upheaval of the
traditional schedule, which dealt a crippling blow to the Triduum ceremonies.
As soon as the reform was published, Cardinal Francis Joseph Spellman, in a letter to Pius XII, stated: “It is my certain knowledge that those who applauded the Decree are in the very definite minority, while the Bishops and priests of my own region are appalled at the confusion that will be caused by the application of such a revolutionary edict.” (3)
We have seen how Tenebrae was given short shrift by the progressivists – even though it was part of the Divine Office – and subsequently fell by the wayside. Many traditional devotions were also sidelined in the reshuffle. Judging by these results, we can conclude that the purpose of “absolutizing” the concept of the veritas horarum was to isolate the Triduum from its dependence on Tradition. In this the strategy was eminently successful, but we must disagree with Pius XII who personally congratulated the reformers at the Assisi Congress.
Goodbye Allegri’s Miserere, hello Eagles’ Wings
Another “absolute” was the “active participation” of the laity, to which everything else had to be subordinated. Fr. McManus’s explanation of the 1955 reform amply bears out the truth of this fact when he stated:
“The trained choir may lead and encourage the people – and above all, never seek to restrict the participation of the faithful. If on occasion this means that the responses, for example, may not be sung perfectly, the act of worship on the part of the assembled people will nevertheless be pleasing to almighty God. And the strong and united worship of the whole Church must never be subordinated to technical perfection of music.” (4)
But, giving priority to aesthetically poor performances heralded the end of the Church’s authentic musical tradition, its Gregorian chant, sacred polyphony and great masterworks sung by trained choirs.
An extravagent disco-style Tenebrae
In recent times, there has been a resurgence of interest in Tenebrae as a “novelty,” and some Novus Ordo parishes have staged their own performances of it, but without any experience or knowledge of its true nature. Modern Tenebrae can only be described as a miscreation – in every respect it is to the traditional Tenebrae what the Novus Ordo
is to the traditional Mass, that is, a travesty. For they fail to
represent the values and qualities of the original and are often
performed in a manner that is shocking and offensive to Tradition.
Where Modern Tenebrae is performed, it is celebrated in the vernacular with maximum “active participation” of the laity, and neither looks nor sounds like the original. The readers enter the sanctuary, do their assigned readings facing the people who respond, extinguish one of the candles and rejoin the congregation to sing ecumenical hymns. (5)
The texts are bowdlerized and interspersed with improvised material more congenial to the spirit of the times. There are even “disco style” performances for the young, complete with colored lights and guitars.
To be continued
This effectively threw the proverbial spanner into the work of centuries, for Tenebrae performed in the morning not only destroys its coherence as a nocturnal Office, but also the “atmospherics” of darkness on which its powerful symbolism relies in order to create the right mood. Daylight Tenebrae is, of course, a misnomer and has never been approved by the Church before the Bugnini reform.
The self-contradictory nature of this reform is also evident in the same Decree, which, in criticism of the traditional Triduum, stated that “all these liturgical solemnities were pushed back to the morning hours; certainly with detriment to the liturgy’s meaning.” How could the reformers complain when that is exactly what they did to the Office of Tenebrae?
False rivalry between the Mass & the Divine Office
The ostensible reason for displacing Tenebrae was that the Holy Thursday Mass should be celebrated in the evening to correspond with the time of the Last Supper. Yet, for many centuries prior to 1955, this Mass had been said in the morning – the progressivists scoffed that it was the “Mass of the Lord’s Breakfast” – and the Decree accused the traditional Holy Week schedule of creating “confusion between the Gospel accounts and the liturgical representations referring to them.”
This was the first time in the History of the Church that an official document of the Holy See stood in judgement against its own approved tradition that had been hallowed by centuries of usage and condemned it as detrimental to a right understanding of the Holy Week liturgy. It was a barely concealed rallying cry for a liturgical revolution to usher in a “new understanding” of the Faith.
Is there a ‘proper’ time of the day?
It might be useful to reflect that the Church had set the Triduum apart from the rest of the liturgical year as a specially consecrated season with its own traditional time-frame for the ceremonies. This was the status quo with which the Catholic faithful were familiar for centuries up to 1955.
The Church set a time for each of the Office Hours But, this rests on a false premise, that of the so-called veritas horarum – the intrinsically “proper” time of the liturgy – a concept that has only ever applied to the Divine Office and its different “hours” for sanctifying the day. Ironically, they failed to apply this principle to the Office of Tenebrae.
Liturgical chaos
It is commonly thought that the 1955 reform was successful in “restoring the liturgy to its authentic times.” But, in the highly partisan agenda of the Liturgical Movement, “authentic” meant returning to early Christian practices and rejecting the traditional liturgy of centuries.
Card. Spellman complained about the ‘revolutionary’ change to an established customAs soon as the reform was published, Cardinal Francis Joseph Spellman, in a letter to Pius XII, stated: “It is my certain knowledge that those who applauded the Decree are in the very definite minority, while the Bishops and priests of my own region are appalled at the confusion that will be caused by the application of such a revolutionary edict.” (3)
We have seen how Tenebrae was given short shrift by the progressivists – even though it was part of the Divine Office – and subsequently fell by the wayside. Many traditional devotions were also sidelined in the reshuffle. Judging by these results, we can conclude that the purpose of “absolutizing” the concept of the veritas horarum was to isolate the Triduum from its dependence on Tradition. In this the strategy was eminently successful, but we must disagree with Pius XII who personally congratulated the reformers at the Assisi Congress.
Goodbye Allegri’s Miserere, hello Eagles’ Wings
Another “absolute” was the “active participation” of the laity, to which everything else had to be subordinated. Fr. McManus’s explanation of the 1955 reform amply bears out the truth of this fact when he stated:
“The trained choir may lead and encourage the people – and above all, never seek to restrict the participation of the faithful. If on occasion this means that the responses, for example, may not be sung perfectly, the act of worship on the part of the assembled people will nevertheless be pleasing to almighty God. And the strong and united worship of the whole Church must never be subordinated to technical perfection of music.” (4)
But, giving priority to aesthetically poor performances heralded the end of the Church’s authentic musical tradition, its Gregorian chant, sacred polyphony and great masterworks sung by trained choirs.
An extravagent disco-style Tenebrae Where Modern Tenebrae is performed, it is celebrated in the vernacular with maximum “active participation” of the laity, and neither looks nor sounds like the original. The readers enter the sanctuary, do their assigned readings facing the people who respond, extinguish one of the candles and rejoin the congregation to sing ecumenical hymns. (5)
The texts are bowdlerized and interspersed with improvised material more congenial to the spirit of the times. There are even “disco style” performances for the young, complete with colored lights and guitars.
To be continued
- The only exception envisaged in the Decree was in cathedrals where the Mass of Chrism was said on Holy Thursday morning; Matins and Lauds could be anticipated on the Wednesday evening.
- The wording of the document was ambiguous: “mane, hora competenti”
can be translated as either “in the morning at a suitable time,”
presumably for the convenience of the laity to attend in daylight hours;
or “in the morning at the proper hour.” which would mean reverting to
the original monastic hours after midnight and before dawn, in which
case the combined Office of Tenebrae would disappear from the liturgy.
Some who follow the 1962 Missal hold Tenebrae services in the mornings of the Triduum, while others adopt the pre-1955 custom of having them in the evenings. - Letter of Cardinal Francis Joseph Spellman, 28 January 1956, Archives of the Archdiocese of New York S/C 65 f 9 apud Alcuin Reid, Liturgy in the Twenty-First Century: Contemporary Issues and Perspectives, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2016.
- F. McManus, The Rites of Holy Week: Ceremonies, Preparation, Music, Commentaries, Paterson, New Jersey: St. Anthony Guild Press, 1956, p. 32.
- Two of the most popular are On Eagles’ Wings and Were you there? Both are frequently used at modern Catholic and Protestant services.
